5 Colones 1959, El Salvador
| in Krause book | Number: 92b |
| Years of issue: | 08.12.1959 |
| Edition: | |
| Signatures: | Director: G. Munguia, Presidente: Carlos J. Canessa, Cajero: R. Arturo Duke |
| Serie: | 1955 - 1959 Issue |
| Specimen of: | 13.04.1955 |
| Material: | Cotton fiber |
| Size (mm): | 156 x 66 |
| Printer: | Waterlow and Sons Limited, London |
* All pictures marked 
are increased partially by magnifying glass, the remaining open in full size by clicking on the image.
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Description
Watermark:
Inscription "Banco Central" across all field of banknote.
Avers:
Rural woman with a basket of fruits on her head.
Next to the engraving of a woman with a basket, under the word Banco is a branch of coffee.
The history of the appearance of coffee in El Salvador dates back to sometime in the 16th century - after the territory of the modern republic was colonized by the Spaniards. It is believed that it was they who brought the first seedlings of coffee trees here, but in the colonial era, local agriculture specialized in the production of other agricultural products.
Only in the second half of the 19th century, after El Salvador became an independent republic, the coffee industry became the backbone of the country's economy. The changes have served to the benefit of the development of transport infrastructure - railways were built to deliver coffee raw materials from plantations to seaports.
The local climate and geographic relief create ideal conditions for the cultivation of high-quality grain, but the coffee of Salvadoran origin could not gain good fame in the world market for a long time. Freshness plays a significant role in determining the quality of a product, and local manufacturers simply could not send raw materials abroad on time due to the unstable political situation, numerous coups and armed conflicts.
The political situation in El Salvador has returned to a relatively normal level, and local grain growers have another chance to prove their product deserves recognition. Today the country is one of the top ten coffee producers in Central America.
The best varieties of Arabica are grown here - Pacas, Bourbon and the Pacamara hybrid, developed in the late 50s of the last century by the Salvadoran Coffee Institute. There are enough water resources in the country to process coffee beans mainly in a “washed” way.
Revers:
On left side is the seal of the Bank of El Salvador. Inscription on the seal: "Junta de Vig de Bancos" ("Board of Bank").
In the center is an engraving of a portrait of the young Christopher Columbus, taken from the 1870 Edition "The life of Christopher Columbus. From authentic Spanish and Italian documents".
Author: Roselly de Lorgues (1805-1898). Translated to English: J.J. Barry M.D. Published by Patrick Donahoe, Boston.
The first time the book was published in French, in Paris, in 1856. (catalog.hathitrust.org)
Christopher Columbus (Latin: Christophorus Columbus; Ligurian: Cristoffa Corombo; Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; Spanish: Cristóbal Colón; between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.
Scholars generally agree that Columbus was born in the Republic of Genoa and spoke a dialect of Ligurian as his first language. He went to sea at a young age and travelled widely, as far north as the British Isles and as far south as what is now Ghana. He married Portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo and was based in Lisbon for several years, but later took a Castilian mistress; he had one son with each woman. Though largely self-educated, Columbus was widely read in geography, astronomy, and history. He formulated a plan to seek a western sea passage to the East Indies, hoping to profit from the lucrative spice trade. Following Columbus's persistent lobbying to multiple kingdoms, Catholic monarchs Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II agreed to sponsor a journey west. Columbus left Castile in August 1492 with three ships, and made landfall in the Americas on 12 October (ending the period of human habitation in the Americas now referred to as the pre-Columbian era). His landing place was an island in the Bahamas, known by its native inhabitants as Guanahani. Columbus subsequently visited the islands now known as Cuba and Hispaniola, establishing a colony in what is now Haiti. This was the first European settlement in the Americas since the Norse colonies begun some 500 years earlier. Columbus returned to Castile in early 1493, bringing a number of captured natives with him. Word of his voyages soon spread throughout Europe.
Columbus made three further voyages to the New World, exploring the Lesser Antilles in 1493, Trinidad and the northern coast of South America in 1498, and the eastern coast of Central America in 1502. Many of the names he gave to geographical features—particularly islands—are still in use. He continued to seek a passage to the East Indies, and the extent to which he was aware that the Americas were a wholly separate landmass is uncertain. He never clearly renounced his belief that he had reached the Far East and gave the name indios ("Indians") to the indigenous peoples he encountered. As a colonial governor, Columbus was accused by his contemporaries of significant brutality and was soon removed from the post. Columbus's strained relationship with the Crown of Castile and its appointed colonial administrators in America led to his arrest and removal from Hispaniola in 1500, and later to protracted litigation over the benefits that he and his heirs claimed were owed to them by the crown. Columbus's expeditions inaugurated a period of exploration, conquest, and colonization that lasted for centuries, helping create the modern Western world. The transfers between the Old World and New World that followed his first voyage are known as the Columbian exchange.
Columbus was widely venerated in the centuries after his death, but public perception has fractured in recent decades as scholars give greater attention to the harm committed under his governance, particularly the near-extermination of Hispaniola's indigenous Taíno population from mistreatment and European diseases, as well as their enslavement. Proponents of the Black Legend theory of history claim that Columbus has been unfairly maligned as part of a wider anti-Catholic sentiment. Many landmarks and institutions in the Western Hemisphere bear his name, including the country of Colombia and the District of Columbia. 
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